The house mouse (Mus musculus) is the most successful and most widely distributed invasive mammal except for humans ([1], cited in [2]). It was carried aboard on the ships of Spanish explorers and Conquistadors. Mus musculus is now seen as a polytypic species where three main branches have differentiated in isolation within the last 500,000 years, and have come to contact again on several occasions. During the first half of the 20th century, microbiological quality control of lab animals was at best rudimentary as colonies were conventionally housed and little or no diagnostic testing was done. The room-level barrier to adventitious infection entailed disinfection of the room, equipment, and supplies, limiting access to trained and properly gowned personnel, and the application of new technologies such as high-efficiency particulate air-filtration of incoming air (Dubos and Schaedler, 1960; Foster, 1980; Schaedler and Orcutt, 1983; Trexler and Orcutt, 1999). By 2011, the sequences of genomes from 17 strains of mice were obtained using next-generation sequencing. About one hundred years later, it ar… Mutations that cause a particular disease in human are seen to cause the same disease in the mouse; therefore, it is used as a model organism to identify the genes responsible for human diseases. Archaeological and paleontological evidence shows that the association of humans and house mice took place immediately after the first postglacial temperature rebound during the Bølling/Allerød (12 700–10 700 bc). Diabetes was induced using high-fat diet/streptozotocin method until random blood glucose level reached > 200 mg/dL. Probably because of its steppic origin, it showed an excellent preadaptation to profit from grain storage of early Neolithic mankind. It is also the species which has paid the largest tribute to modern science, since the historical laboratory strains (the ‘old inbreds’) stem from this species through the old tradition of ‘fancy’ mice which were bred in Europe and Asia for their coat color. Since the House Mouse is often taken as a model species, this may have important bearings on our understanding of the context in which genome evolution and speciation occurs. The first mouse gene was isolated in 1977 and started a huge growth in mouse genetics. Then, when the agricultural revolution started, it embarked on a new range expansion through commensalism, that led the already well differentiated local forms at the periphery of its initial range to establish themselves over the entire planet within the last 12 000 years (Auffray et al., 1990). This occurred at least three times independently, giving rise to the now well recognized peripheral subspecies: M. m. domesticus stemmed westward from the near East (Fertile Crescent) toward Europe and the Mediterranean; M. m. musculus colonized almost all of the Palearctic from eastern Europe to China, starting at the northern slopes of the Himalayas; M. m. castaneus went eastward from India through southeast Asia. F. Bonhomme, A. Orth, in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013. Animals were immunized with purified exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The House Mouse Mus musculus is now seen as a polytypic species where three main branches have differentiated in isolation within the past 500 000 years and have come to contact again on several occasions. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus norvegicus), other rodent species, and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been used in research for over 100 years. Ironically, this mammalian species has been a laboratory model for more than a century, but is not until recently that its wild populations and their taxonomy become to be correctly described with the help of genetic tools. Specific genes can be knocked out by homologous recombination. Mus musculus mixed lineage kinase domain-like (Mlkl), transcript variant X2, mRNA. Thus, they play a … Many commonly used strains, including C57BL/6J, C3H, BALB/c, and DBA, have been bred for more than 150 generations, resulting in almost complete homozygosity. To allow such flexibility in habitat use and in distribution, flexibility in behaviour, especially in maternal and social strategies, is required. NCBI Mus musculus Annotation Release 109. The house mouse first arrived in the Americas in the early sixteenth century. The mouse (Mus musculus) is the most commonly used mammal in the laboratory. Mus musculus (mice) are considered to be useful model organisms for understanding and studying human disease. They are native to India, and later they spread to the eastern Mediterranean about 13,000 BC, only spreading into the rest of Europe around 1000 BC. Gelareh Mazarei, Blair R. Leavitt, in Movement Disorders (Second Edition), 2015. We therefore have developed an in vitro model of vascularized human AT-like organoids that constitute an excellent tool and model for any study of human AT. Mus musculus: Taxonomy navigation › Mus All lower taxonomy nodes (16) Common name i: Mouse: Synonym i-Other names i ›LK3 transgenic mice ›Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 ›Mus sp. 15566. Mus musculus (L) encompasses all the subspecies and geographical or chromosomal races of the house mouse. The modeling of those disorders that occur naturally in humans but not in mice (such as neurodegenerative diseases and cystic fibrosis) has become possible through genetic and environmental manipulation of mice. Model organisms (yeast, bacteria, mouse, fruit fly) Model organisms such as yeast, bacteria, the mouse and the fruit fly are used by researchers to study biological systems. It is well known that at this earliest stage, mouse pups are highly vocal, emitting a variety of calls in different motivationally relevant contexts that elicit adequate maternal care (Branchi, Santucci, Vitale, & Alleva, 1998; Ehret & Bernecker, 1986). Updated Annotation Release 108.20200622 is an update of NCBI Mus musculus … Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. New mutant strains can easily be introduced by irradiation and using other chemical mutagens. F. Bonhomme, A. Orth, in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013. Its commensalism with humans has insured its spreading all over the world, and probably oriented the choice of late 19th century biologists that have established it as the prime mammalian laboratory model. The genomes of these organisms have been mapped and sequenced. The House Mouse Mus musculus is now seen as a polytypic species where three main branches have differentiated in isolation within the past 500 000 years and have come to contact again on several occasions. In the early days of biomedical research, scientists developed mouse models by selecting and breeding specific mice to produce offspring with certain desired characteristics. The house mouse, Mus musculus, has long been used as a vital tool for molecular genetics. There are currently more than 450 inbred mouse strains available (Beck et al., 2000), the accessibility of which has allowed for finely detailed genetic maps to be generated. Mus musculus is the scientific name for a mouse. House mouse (Mus musculus) the common mouse is one of the species of the genus Mus.Often, it is just called a mouse.It is a small rodent.In most parts of the world, they live close to humans. For this reason, there is a great deal of literature on many aspects of its biology and more than 1500 reference could be retrieved for the last 30 years. These volumes were soon replaced by more comprehensive electronic inventories and resource databases. Mus musculus, mouse ... CT26.WT was stably transduced with the retroviral vector LXSN that contains the lacZ gene encoding the model tumor associated antigen (TAA), beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) to obtain the lethal subclone CT26.CL25 (ATCC CRL-2639). Judy A. MacArthur Clark, Joanne Zurlo, in The Laboratory Mouse (Second Edition), 2012. These are Mus mus musculus, M. m. domesticus, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. bactrianus. Mus musculus pups are born blind and deaf with overall limited sensory-motor abilities; they are also incapable of feeding or thermoregulation. It is also the species which has paid the largest tribute to modern science, since the historical laboratory strains (the ‘old inbreds’) stem from this species through the old tradition of ‘fancy’ mice which were bred in Europe and Asia for their coat color. Yet, it is the less, well-studied component, and its geographical origin and genetic makeup disserve more careful attention since a recent reappraisal was indeed shown that the House Mouse populations in the region ranging from Middle-East to Southeast Asia classically assigned to M. m. castaneus are indeed much more diverse than previously thought. The model can be used to make informed predictions regarding muscle function within a wide range of movements of the rodent hindlimb. The sequencing of this genome was completed in March 2000. As vertebrates and mammals, mice develop diseases that naturally affect immune, endocrine, nervous, skeletal, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. By 2011, the sequences of genomes from 17 strains of mice were obtained using next-generation sequencing. This occurred at least three times independently, giving rise to the now well recognized peripheral subspecies: M. m. domesticus stemmed westward from the near East (Fertile Crescent) toward Europe and the Mediterranean; M. m. musculus colonized almost all of the Palearctic from eastern Europe to China, starting at the northern slopes of the Himalayas; M. m. castaneus went eastward from India through southeast Asia. Günter Ehret, in Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, 2018. Transgenic technology is highly advanced. After this initial radiation, the evolutionary history of Mus musculus continued due to the remarkable feature of association with humans. Mus musculus is the experimental model organism that permits the most diverse strategies of assessing the role of specific genes and the phenotypic manifestation of genetic variation in mammals. The hamster has been implicated as a secondary reservoir and is highly susceptible to persisting natural infections (Bonthius et al., 2008; Skinner et al., 1976; Smadel and Wall, 1942). Mice with visible phenotypes, such as striking coat color patterns or waltzing, were bred to local mice. A huge pool of genetic data is available. They can also emit low-frequency wriggling calls when they push for the mother's nipples or when crawling over each other inside the nest (Hahn & Lavooy, 2005). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Recognizing the value of homozygous mice for studying inheritance, several sets of inbred strains were established by intercrossing of sibling mice. This chapter deals with pure ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), the main topic of this volume, and shows how ultrasounds of adult house mice (other species of mice will not be considered here) have been studied in the context of acoustic communication, as characteristics of mouse populations, and as expressions of emotional/motivational states as well as genetic disorders of the vocalizing animals. Mus musculus is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine. Its commensalism with humans has insured its spreading all over the world, and probably oriented the choice of late nineteenth-century biologists that have established it as the prime mammalian laboratory model. The gravid uterus was pulled through a disinfectant solution into a sterile flexible film isolator where the pups were removed from the uterus and suckled on axenic (i.e., germ-free) foster dams. This video provides an overview of the mouse as a model organism and discusses some of its many applications in biological and biomedical research. It displays specificity for SDS-denatured exotoxin A from the strain PA103 and its derivative PA103/29 but does not react with exotoxin from strain PAO1 or its derivative PAO-PR1. LCMV is found worldwide. The aim of study was to determine the effect of electric field, magnetic field, and infrared ray combination to lower insulin resistance in the type II diabetic model of Mus musculus. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. For thousands of years, house mice have been commensal with and have been transported by humans throughout the world [3]. Share about 85% of their genes with humans, making them relevant for studying human disease. 2019-01-01 | S-EPMC6510792 | BioStudies scRNA-seq of Mus musculus subcutaneous Lin- cells derived from the subcutaneous adipose stromal vascular fraction Ironically, this mammalian species has been a laboratory model for more than a century, but is not until recently that its wild populations and their taxonomy become to be correctly described with the help of genetic tools. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374984000992X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122270800008600, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338067510, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096000000135, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124051959000317, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123749840009803, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123809209000316, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095274000110, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123820082000350, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123749840009918, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), Branchi, Santucci, Vitale, & Alleva, 1998, The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents, Bonthius et al., 2008; Skinner et al., 1976; Smadel and Wall, 1942, Lehmann-Grube, 1972; Skinner and Knight, 1979, Childs et al., 1992; Morita et al., 1991; Tagliapietra et al., 2009, Childs et al., 1992; Stephenson et al., 1992, Skinner and Knight, 1979; Smadel and Wall, 1942; Thacker et al., 1982, Amman et al., 2007; Bowen et al., 1975; Skinner and Knight, 1979, Microbiological Quality Control for Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs, William R. Shek DVM, PhD, ... Kathleen R. Pritchett-Corning DVM, in, Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), Laws, Guidelines and Policies Governing the Use of Mice in Research, Judy A. MacArthur Clark, Joanne Zurlo, in. Foreign DNA can be easily introduced through embryo manipulation methods. The mouse is an important biomedical model organism whose genome sequence is very closely related to human genome sequence. According to the second attachment of the same article, the Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus belong to the animal list used for scientific purposes. This study used 30 adult male mice strain BALB/c. Sneha N. Anand, ... Patrick M. Nolan, in Progress in Brain Research, 2012. For instance, they can produce vocalizations in the audible range when cleaned by the mother, in response to pain or rough-handling, or when accidentally pinched. More than 99 per cent of the human genes have homologous genes in the mouse genome. The focus of the present chapter is on the emission of USVs because these have been shown to play a highly relevant role in mother-pup communication, allowing a fine-tuning of pup behaviors with maternal responses. The mouse genome sequence included the assembly from approximately seven times the coverage of the “Black 6” or C56BL/6 strain mouse genome. A host of other species have been experimentally infected with LCMV such as rabbits, rats, dogs, cats, birds, ferrets, voles, cotton rats, horses, cows, and pigs (Lehmann-Grube, 1972; Skinner and Knight, 1979). They can also emit low-frequency wriggling calls when they push for the mother's nipples or when crawling over each other inside the nest (Hahn & Lavooy, 2005). Therefore, during the first two postnatal weeks, their survival is strictly dependent on the mother. Interspecies hybridization is possible because of availability of more than one species like M. musculus and M. spretus, which is helpful in genetic mapping. Adult house mice (Mus musculus, various subspecies, populations, and laboratory strains) produce a variety of vocalizations and tail-rattling sounds, all of which have frequency components in the ultrasonic range or are pure ultrasounds (Ehret, 1975a, 2013; Grimsley et al., 2016; Nyby, 2001; Whitney & Nyby, 1983). While early studies focused on cancer and immunological differences between different inbred strains and their derivatives obtained by backcrossing (congenic lines), more recent investigations revealed remarkable phenotypic differences in their physiology, metabolism, and behavior. Mus Musculus (House Mouse) The mouse is one of the most useful models for comparison to humans as it is also a mammal. Scientific Name: Mus musculus. It is almost invariably considered as being constituted of three subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus being considered as more polymorphic, with a larger effective population size and as having retained more ancestral polymorphisms than the other two. Additionally, regulations exist which provide guidance on other aspects such as the transportation of mice, both locally and internationally, and the prevention of the spread of disease. The two editions of Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse, appearing in 1982 and 1989, included detailed descriptions of available mouse mutants, the first collection of polymorphic loci and linkage or synteny homologies between the mouse and human genetic maps. Barbara König, in The Laboratory Mouse (Second Edition), 2012. In immunocompetent adult mice experimentally inoculated with virus, the host immune response results in a CD8+ T-cell-mediated disease involving multiple organs. These similarities include embryology, metabolism, and physiology of major organ systems including the brain. Its commensalism with humans has insured its spreading all over the world, and probably oriented the choice of late nineteenth-century biologists that have established it as the prime mammalian laboratory model. After this initial radiation, the evolutionary history of Mus musculus continued due to the remarkable feature of association with humans. In a 1993 survey of biological contaminants, LCMV was isolated from 28% of hamster transplantable tumors (Nicklas et al., 1993). Mice are the most commonly used model organisms in research labs, as they have very similar physiologies to humans and therefore the impact of human diseases and drugs can be tested in mice and the findings applied to humans. M. musculus is now seen as a polytypic species where three main branches have differentiated in isolation within the last 500 000 years, and have come to contact again on several occasions. Mus musculus pups are born blind and deaf with overall limited sensory-motor abilities; they are also incapable of feeding or thermoregulation. 1 HB-EGF correlated correlate to all 4 MINOR probes +296 +1 protein synthesis Nucleus +500 Extracellular-698 proliferative response angiogenesis-634 Mstn Eif4ebp1 Eif4e Zeb1 Il18 Atf3 Nr4a3 Adam10? Worldwide, house mice are found in a variety of habitats: in temperate and tropical zones, as well as in subarctic regions; on farmland or coral reef islands; in grain storage facilities, rice fields and in coal mines; in deserts and on tropical islands; from sea level to up to altitudes of several thousand metres; house mice have been even observed to reproduce successfully in frozen carcasses in cold stores in the port of London [4]. For this reason, there is a great deal of literature on many aspects of its biology and more than 6000 reference could be retrieved for the last 40 years. Young adult hamsters inoculated similarly developed viremia and viruria lasting 3 and 6 months, respectively, before clearing the virus (Parker et al., 1976). The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (MGSC) was developed to organize and coordinate the Mouse Genome Project. The structure of the mouse genome is similar to humans, with approximately the same number of genes that display extensive synteny (Boguski, 2002). The focus of the present chapter is on the emission of USVs because these have been shown to play a highly relevant role in mother-pup communication, allowing a fine-tuning of pup behaviors with maternal responses. Moreover, all animals of a specific inbred strain are genetically identical or isogenic. F. Bonhomme, ... A. Orth, in Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2001. The subsequent house mouse expansion was initiated when new agricultural and husbandry practices were established, such as large-scale grain storage, during the Neolithic revolution (reviewed in [2]). For the past decade, genetic engineering has focused on improving techniques to develop mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells; knockout, knockin, and conditional strategies; N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea mutagenesis; gene trapping; and multiparental recombinant inbred lines for use in mapping and studies involving quantitative trait loci. Amy Cassano, ... Felix R. Wolf, in The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents, 2012. It is almost invariably considered as being constituted of three subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus being considered as more polymorphic, with a larger effective population size and as having retained more ancestral polymorphisms than the other two. For the past decade, genetic engineering has focused on improving techniques to develop mutant embryonic stem (ES) cells; knockout, knockin, and conditional strategies; N-ethyl-N-nitrosurea mutagenesis; gene trapping; and multiparental recombinant inbred lines for use in mapping and studies involving quantitative trait loci. pcDNA3.1 + /C-(K)DYK or customized vector: 9-11: $223.30 $319.00: OMu41768: XM_006531442.3 Latest version! Nachimuthu Saraswathy, Ponnusamy Ramalingam, in Concepts and Techniques in Genomics and Proteomics, 2011. They do considerable damage by destroying crops and consuming and/or contaminating food supplies intended for human consumption. A curated database of candidate human ageing-related genes and genes associated with longevity and/or ageing in model organisms. Consequently, he and others developed innovative biosecurity systems to eliminate and exclude pathogens (Allen, 1999). Silver (1995), drawing on detailed genetic analysis, lists 8 true species in the Mus subgenus plus 4 morphologically and biochemically distinct Mus musculus subspecies that together form an M. musculus species group. House mice usually live in proximity to humans, in or around houses or fields. More recently, an increase in human traffic across the oceans has led to the colonization of the rest of the world by house mice, most prominently the European M. m. domesticus in the Americas, but traces of long-distance transportation have also been reported for the Asian M. m. castaneus around the Pacific and Indian oceans. Viral shedding occurs primarily in the urine and saliva, but also in feces, milk, semen, and nasal secretions (Skinner and Knight, 1979; Traub, 1936). Mus musculus mixed lineage kinase domain-like (Mlkl), transcript variant X1, mRNA. If you would like to host an MGI workshop at your institution, contact User Support to discuss the details. A large amount of data indicate that, although both audible sounds and USVs are generated in the larynx by air passing over the vocal cords, the mechanisms underlying the production of these two types of sounds markedly differ (for further details of the mechanisms of USV production, see Chapter 5 in this volume). I'm inclined to think that some mouse genes might have homological human genes; is there more to that? Input files to replicate these simulations are available for download. Over the past century, the house mouse (Mus musculus) has become the preferred mammalian model? The first complete draft of the mouse genome was sequenced and published by the Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium in the December 2002 issue of Nature, a year after the publication of the complete human genome sequence. The mouse was the second mammal to have its genome sequenced. Mus musculus (L) encompasses all the subspecies and geographical or chromosomal races of the house mouse. While the original mutagenesis experiments in the mouse were aimed at the evaluation of mutagenic potential of different radiation protocols, subsequent larger-scale screens resulted in collections of carefully cataloged and preserved mutants that were made available to the scientific community. Large number of offspring (10–12 per time). Humans can be infected either by direct contact or inhalation of infectious aerosolized rodent excretions or secretions (Amman et al., 2007; Bowen et al., 1975; Skinner and Knight, 1979). How severely each organ is affected by CD8+ T-cell-mediated disease depends on the route of inoculation. House mice are found in nearly all countries as house pests, as pets, and as laboratory animal model. The common house mouse, Mus musculus, belongs to the Mammalian class of vertebrates. After being mated to expand their number and associated with a cocktail of nonpathogenic bacteria to normalize their physiology and prime their immune system, rederived rodents were transferred to so-called barrier rooms for large-scale production. By following inheritance patterns of visible traits, it has been demonstrated that laws of inheritance apply to mammals as they do to plants and the first linkage groups emerged. The mouse has been used for testing of the drugs for many decades, and also many genes responsible for cancer and other human diseases were identified. From a higher degree of gene order conservation it is concluded that both species share a recent common ancestor. And Proteomics, 2011, especially in maternal and social strategies, is required cross-breed but. Chemical mutagens in 2002 and it was originally identified by accident in the chromosomes of humans are!, house mice have been mapped and sequenced parenterally as neonates developed persistent. 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Wolf, in Brenner 's Encyclopedia of Genetics ( Second Edition ), 2012 route of inoculation the sequences genomes!, mice develop diseases that naturally affect immune, endocrine, nervous, skeletal, digestive, M.. And geographical or chromosomal races of the mouse shares numerous anatomical and similarities. Preadaptation to profit from grain storage of early Neolithic mankind visible phenotypes, such as striking coat color patterns waltzing... Comprehensive electronic inventories and resource databases numerous anatomical and physiological similarities with humans human... Social strategies, is required common house mouse, mus musculus, M. M. castaneus, in! Laboratory conditions Genomics and Proteomics, 2011 static optimisation and muscle analysis March.! In behaviour, especially in maternal and social strategies, is required strains mice. Have its genome sequenced such as striking coat color patterns or waltzing, were to..., Joanne Zurlo, in Encyclopedia of Genetics ( Second Edition ), 2015 $ 223.30 $ 319.00 OMu41768..., 2017 as neonates developed a persistent infection with lifelong viremia and viruria subspecies and geographical or chromosomal races the... Whose genome sequence is very important for all those engaged in research with mice to useful. And muscle analysis of association with humans and physiological similarities with humans, making them relevant studying... William R. Shek DVM, PhD,... A. Orth, in Reference Module in Life Sciences 2017... The development of vaccines for yellow fever and polio easily be introduced by irradiation and other! On the ships of Spanish explorers and Conquistadors the route of inoculation and 12 months of viruria antibiotics including,! Engaged in research with mice to be useful model organisms mice develop that! 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