outbred strains of mice

Nat Genet 2006 38(8):879-87. Testing was carried out using 100 male CD-1 mice. From Naval Medical Research Institute in 1958 to Central Institute for Laboratory Animal Breeding (ZfV), Hannover, Germany. These mice also had clusters of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and microglia present in inflammatory nodules in the brain parenchyma and, in perivascular spaces, especially in the frontal cortex and diencephalon. Early attempts to identify specific guidance cues have not found any evidence, however, that chemokines are involved in microchimerism associated with pregnancy (Unno et al., 2010). The diversity outbred (Svenson et al. Using this DNA immunization approach, we were successful in producing MAbs that acted as potent thyroid stimulators and inhibited TSH binding to the TSHR, that is, had similar features to the TRAbs found in patients with Graves' disease (Sanders et al., 2002, 2004). Inbred Strain: homozygous at every locus and alleles at each locus are identical by descent. The Gold Standard for Biomedical Research. The paper’s findings now support a wider adoption of outbred mice, and the authors conclude that outbred stocks from heterogeneous backgrounds are appropriate for a broad range of research applications. However, none of the panel of mouse TSHR MAbs we produced by DNA immunization inhibited TSHR constitutive activity. The data made available here was collected and analysed in a large genome-wide association study performed with more than 2000 Crl:CFW(SW)-US_P08 outbred mice and presented in the 2016 articles: “Genome-wide association of multiple complex traits in outbred mice by ultra low-coverage sequencing” by Nicod et al. 1990 Sep;40(5):490-4. 2012)], itself derived from eight inbred strains carefully chosen to obtain high levels of genetic diversity (Roberts et al. Of note, there is evidence that fetal capillary endothelium and the trophoblast layer express migratory cues that could direct the trafficking of fetal cells, including CD34+ HSC, into the maternal circulation (Yong et al., 1998). All mice are euthanized by CO2 inhalation. Evaluation of noninvasive methods of predicting testicular weight and development in an inbred and outbred strain of laboratory mouse Theriogenology. Table 2.19. Host genome microarrays revealed effects of infection on host cell protein processing (ubiquitin ligase), synapse remodelling and inflammation causing neuronal damage. Ultimately, it was shown that the virus could be integrated into the mouse genome and transmitted as a gene by both females and males. The two most commonly used rodent species are mice and rats, and often toxicity testing is conducted in both of those species. In 1933 the staff of The Jackson Laboratory published a paper describing maternal inheritance of mammary tumours in mice [38]. Electron micrographs of the brain from chronically infected mice demonstrated cysts in neurons that connected with other neurons with synapses, bradyzoites egressing from ruptured cysts and in monocytic cells contiguous to cysts and cysts without contiguous inflammation, as had been described earlier (Ferguson et al., 1997). Normal physiological values general and reproductive. The small size of a mouse results in high surface area to body mass ratio, which in turn causes the mouse to be relatively intolerant of thermal and water balance stresses. Strains can be termed inbred if they have been mated brother x sister for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20 th or subsequent generation. Walter Heston began his early work on lung cancer [37]. This strain is particularly attractive, because the incidence of spontaneous cutaneous neoplasms is low. There is a wide spectrum of susceptibility to spontaneous lung tumors in various strains of mice, and evidence suggests that there is a high correlation between spontaneous incidence and chemical inducibility in those various strains (Shimkin and Stoner, 1975). Sendai virus is one of the more prevalent and serious virus infections of rodents. However, the low number of non-β cells found in these cultures limited our ability to draw definite conclusions regarding their neurite-forming capacities. They are small, relatively economical to obtain, house, and care for, and they are generally easy to handle. The WORM Human OrthoLogy Explorer is a meta-tool that uses machine learning to predict novel least diverged orthologs (LDOs) by integrating ortholog predictions from 17... We use cookies to personalize our website and to analyze web traffic to improve the user experience. The diversity outbred (Svenson et al. Outbred rodent stocks (e.g., CD-1 outbred mouse, Sprague-Dawley outbred rat) are vigorous, prolific and cheap to purchase, and have been widely used in research [15,16]. These cells are surrounded by numerous unstained cells. One difference among strains lies in the normal body weights of various strains at different ages. These are a subset of the mice considered in Gatti et al.. In human beings, there is much less known about the potential mechanisms that could govern fetomaternal cell trafficking across the placenta during pregnancy. outbred mouse, foster mother and pseudopregnant recipients for albino lines CD-1® IGS Mouse* Nomenclature: Crl:CD1(ICR) Strain Code: 022 Origin: The original group of Swiss mice that served as progenitors of this stock consisted of two male and seven female albino mice derived from a non-inbred stock in the laboratory These sensitive strains develop the same types of tumors as those seen in more conventional strains, but the incidences are higher and the latency periods shorter. At the same time, there is growing recognition that DO and other high-quality outbred mouse populations provide a powerful experimental platform for appropriately accounting for the background genetic variation on which human disease manifests. Cumulus cell nuclei derived from BDF1 and ICR mouse strains were injected into enucleated oocytes of both strains to create four groups. But unfamiliarity with outbred mice and concerns about difficulty, genetic variability and lack of reproducibility have impeded widespread use of them by the research community. The development of inbred strains of animals facilitated localization of the genes coding for these molecules to a chromosomal region, termed the major histocompatibility complex. For some research applications, however, inbred strains may not be the right choice. The induced papillomas express the ras transgene, while normal skin does not. This may result in an excess of respirable test article deposited in the nasal passages, resulting in either increased or decreased relative toxicity, depending upon the most critical site of absorption. Table 2.20. Median survival of 16 groups of control mice (%). Some of the … Therefore, genetic background (inbred vs. outbred) is not the major contributing factor to the variation observed in many phenotypic measurements, especially when comparing data across labs and protocols. For example, when a new colony is established or during caesarean rederivation for the elimination of disease, genetic variation will be reduced whereas an outcross to a different stock will increase variability. Another commonly used mouse model is the albino CD-1 mouse. In treated, outbred mice, the response was dichotomous with 7/26 (27%) losing their grafts very early and 19/26 (73%) achieving long-term graft survival. Craig W. Roberts, ... Rima McLeod, in Toxoplasma Gondii (Second Edition), 2014. Common Laboratory Mouse Strains: A Beginner's Guide: This MiniCourse provides essential information about inbred, hybrid, and outbred mouse strains, official nomenclature, genetic drift, relevant resources for finding inbred baseline phenotypic information, and animal health monitoring and mouse … The number of strain-related differences in susceptibility to various test articles and environmental conditions exceeds the scope of this chapter, but additional information is available. FIG. Notably, there was evidence of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors in the maternal lung and liver, suggesting that at least a small fraction of the microchimeric cells have multilineage potential (Kallenbach et al., 2011). As research models, outbred stocks have a number of disadvantages. The inbred strain A mouse appears to be the most susceptible to lung tumors, and forms the basis of a lung tumor bioassay, with tumors inducible within 8 weeks or less of treatment. Outbred Rats Rat Models With more than 20 breeding facilities around the world, Charles River is the leading global supplier of standard rat models for biomedical research. Photomicrographs illustrate two examples of neurite-bearing IN+ cells. The mice were derived by caesarean from randomly chosen breeders and reintroduced into a Barrier Nucleus Expansion Colony in 1965-1969. Both courses cover essential information. Sendai virus is one of the more prevalent and serious virus infections of rodents. This course is also available in the following program: Beginner's Guide to Inbred, Outbred, Hybrid, Mutant, and Transgenic Mice Program The viability of inbred strains of mice demonstrates that these strains do not carry any recessive lethal mutations. All mice are maintained in microisolator cages (Allentown Caging) on a 14 h:10 h light:dark cycle with access to an automatic watering system, and ad libitum access to PicoLab Rodent Diet 20 (product code 5053, LabDiet). Inbred animals, by definition, are the end result of 20 or more controlled brother x sister matings, resulting in near genetic identity between all members of the strain (See Chapter 13, Repositories of Mouse Mutations and Inbred, Congenic, and Recombinant Inbred Strains). evaluation of carcinogenic potential) to be conducted in a practical time frame. Additionally, 20 male C57BL/6J mice were used. All strains had at least 1 strain-specific H-2 antigen. A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as … Characteristics of the immunogenicity of FALVAC-1A were evaluated in congenic ( H-2b, H-2k , and H-2d ) and outbred strains of mice. Charles River stocks and strains are managed under the International Genetic Standardization (IGS) program, a unique program designed to manage the health Inbred strains of mice such as C57BL and BALB/c are more widely used in published work than outbred stocks of mice such as ICR and CD-1. Given the clinical findings concerning the apparent tolerance to NIMA by many adult transplant recipients, it is possible that microchimerism could have important immunological effects, whether intended or not, as will be discussed later in this review. Neurologic function and brain histopathologic abnormalities were found to correlate with lower brain weight and inflammation. The first evidence of cellular traffic across the mouse placenta was reported in the late 1960s by karyotyping mitotic cells in outbred mouse colonies (Tuffrey et al., 1969). 2013 Feb;79(3):566-73. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.11.014. While there is now a general consensus that bidirectional trafficking is likely to be a widespread occurrence, it still remains to be determined what clinical implications, if any, might arise from this process. Similarly, outbred stocks of mice and rats can vary from vendor to vendor, both as a result of being widely separated in time as well as due to genetic bottlenecks during original importation of a stock. (2008) infected specific pathogen free, outbred mice with T. gondii of the ME49 strain. Mice have many advantages as test animals for toxicity testing. However, to date, all cloned mice have been generated using F1 mouse oocytes as the recipient cytoplasm. Strains may not always be readily available in the numbers wanted. and Vivek Philip, Ph.D.My interests lie in the application of statistical methodologies to the area of genetics, specifically quantitative trait genetics and genomics for hypothesis generation and validation.Associate Director, Computational Sciences Vivek Philip There are hundreds of different inbred strains of mice (Festing, 1992). Of course it is good to use out-bred strains of mice. doi https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0224-7. These normal values will vary depending upon the strain of mouse, supplier, condition at arrival, type of feed, environmental and housing conditions, and in some cases, time of year. Generally, one of those species is usually a rodent and one a nonrodent. However, several inbred strains of mice are already bred in large numbers, and commercial breeders could supply large numbers of inbred rats if there is a demand for them. What does animals, outbred strains mean? The disadvantage of outbred strains, as you have discovered, it that one's results may be much more irreproducible. Some pancreatic islet cells of mouse display a neuronal morphology in vitro. In addition to differences between mice and other species, there are important differences among different strains of mice. However, each mouse is genetically different and may respond very differently to an experimental treatment. The development of defined genetic backgrounds by inbreeding encouraged the continuation and growth of research on cancer. Little, then a graduate student at Harvard University. It’s not unusual for toxicologists to work with outbred mouse strains derived from unrelated pairings. We conclude that contrary to conventional wisdom, outbred mice may be better subjects … Because the placenta expresses relatively high levels of certain chemokines, it has been proposed that it may recruit specific cell types to sites that could then facilitate active transport between the mother and the fetus. Cumulus cell nuclei derived from BDF1 and ICR mouse strains were injected into enucleated oocytes of both strains to create four groups. Ten to 15 animals from each strain (NIH, Q(S), ARC, IMVS and STUD) were typed, using allozyme electrophoresis, at 10 gene loci: Mod-1, Idh-1, Gpi-1, Es-1, Es-3, Hbb, Pep-3, Gr-1, Got-2 and Pgm-1.Polymorphic variation in at least one of the 5 strains … TSHR DNA immunization was repeated at 3 week intervals for a total of five injections (Costagliola et al., 1998; Hasan et al., 1999). Clinically, the progression of infection and disease followed similar courses in the two mouse strains. The mice were genotyped using the MegaMUGA SNP array (Morgan et al. C. C. Little and others continued to develop inbred strains to analyse the genetics of susceptibility and resistance to cancer and tumour transplantation [33]. However, to date, all cloned mice have been generated using F1 mouse oocytes as the recipient cytoplasm. Nevertheless, outbred mice are bought and used in large numbers simply because they are less expensive than any of the genetically-defined strains. For this reason, testing is usually conducted in at least two species. Here, we attempted to generate cloned mice from oocytes derived from the ICR-outbred mouse strain. Mice have been used in biomedical research for hundreds of years, and because of this, many technical procedures have been developed for use with the species, and a vast body of historical data is available for most strains. 1. Although the ability to detect maternal microchimerism was dependent upon the strain of mouse and whether matings were performed with syngeneic, allogeneic, or outbred mating pairs (Kallenbach et al., 2011), small numbers of maternal cells have been observed in the fetus, with the highest levels in the fetal blood at mid-gestation and lower levels in the fetal liver and thymus (Nijagal et al., 2011). We studied H-2 polymorphisms of five outbred strains, CF1, ddY, ddN, ICR and KUNM, using 15 alloantisera to H-2 class I private antigens. The genotyping was performed at Neogen (Lincoln, NE). Briefly, 6- to 8-week-old NMRI (out bred) mice were injected intramuscularly with 100 μL of 10 mmol/L cardiotoxin 5 days before intramuscular immunization with 100 μg TSHR cDNA (pRC/CMV hTSHR; Oda et al., 1998). FCS, Fetal calf serum. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. To Charles River from the Skin and Cancer Hospital at Temple University in 1986. GLADYS TEITELMAN, in Proceedings of the 1990 Laurentian Hormone Conference, 1991. The earliest biomedical research using the mouse involved the genetics of tumour transplantability and cancer susceptibility. From Teitelman (1990). FALVAC-1A is a second-generation multitarget, multiepitope synthetic candidate vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum , incorporating elements designed to yield a stable and immunogenic molecule. From: Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), 2015, Edward J. Moticka PhD, in A Historical Perspective on Evidence-Based Immunology, 2016. Bar: 4 μm. Download as … In addition, outbred ICR mice were divided into two groups of marked and poor BBB permeability. B. S. Haldane suggested that cancer had a genetic component [34]. Investigators transplanted tumors between outbred mice during the early decades of the twentieth century, leading to the discovery of cell surface molecules (proteins) responsible for tumor rejection. Jeff E. Mold, Joseph M. McCune, in Advances in Immunology, 2012. Furthermore, using the same technique a mouse MAb which acted as a powerful antagonist of thyroid stimulating autoantibodies and TSH (MAb-B2; Sanders et al., 2005) was produced which closely resembled patient serum TSHR antagonist type TRAbs. In many cases, high metabolic rate may be associated with rapid absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a test article. Susceptibility of various strains to the initiation and/or promotion of skin tumors has also been shown to differ greatly (Chouroulinkov et al., 1988; Steinel and Baker, 1988). Data represent median survival of Charles River CD- I outbred albino mice enrolled in 24-month chronic toxicity studies at pharmaceutical or contract toxicology laboratories. Many genetically well-defined, highly inbred, specifically or randomly outbred strains are available. Ten to 15 animals from each strain (NIH, Q (S), ARC, IMVS and STUD) were typed, using allozyme electrophoresis, at 10 gene loci: Mod-1, Idh-1, Gpi-I, Es-1, Es-3, Hbb, Pep-3, Gr-1, Got-2 and Pgm-1. Albino. NMRI mice are an outbred strain commonly used as controls in selection experiments and as experimental animals in biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Inbred strains are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. Two subsequent publications, both reported shortly thereafter in Nature, refuted the claim and restored the view that the placenta was indeed an impenetrable barrier designed to protect the fetus from rejection by the maternal immune system (Billington et al., 1969; Seller, 1970). During the 1960s and 1970s, investigators demonstrated the requirement for sharing of histocompatibility molecules between cells cooperating in the adaptive immune response. Twelve months after infection, brain MRIs showed mild to moderate ventricular dilatation and parenchymal asymmetry. For one, their characteristics can change rapidly due to selection, inbreeding, and random genetic drift. It has been found that when islets isolated from adult white outbred mice (CD-1) were dissociated into single cells, placed in culture, and immunostained with insulin antibodies after several days in vitro, approximately 20% of the IN+ cells extended long stained processes (Figs. See below for a complete list of topics. A small team led by Jeffrey Mogil of McGill University and including Elissa Chesler, Ph.D.Researches the genetics underlying behavior and identifies the biological basis for relationships among behavioral traits.Professor Elissa Chesler The rate of graft acceptance in the treated, outbred group was significantly greater than that in the untreated outbred group (73% vs 17%, p < 0.0001). This relatively high value imposes a de facto penalty on using mice as one of the species in a safety assessment. A strain, in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are as nearly as possible genetically identical.In laboratory mice, this is accomplished through inbreeding. At the ARC we use a randomisation table for outbred colonies less than 100 breeding females. 2016), which includes 77,808 markers. 2007). Inbred strains of mice such as C57BL and BALB/c are more widely used in published work than outbred stocks of mice such as ICR and CD-1. In 1981 to Winkelmann, now Envigo. From Teitelman (1990). Associate Director, Computational Sciences Vivek Philip, Postbacc, Ph.D., and Postdoctoral Programs, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-018-0224-7, Few mutations, important difference in cancer cells, Using the mouse model to fight against heart attacks, JAX to expand advanced cancer clinical trial, Workshop on Surgical Techniques in the Laboratory Mouse, Making and Genetically Manipulating Mouse Embryos, Techniques in Modeling Human Cancer in Mice. While both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice are strains inbred to establish the genetic homogeneity, CD-1 mice stand out among the most commonly used research mice as an outbred stock (note: inbred mice are referred as strains, whereas outbred mice are referred to as stocks). This observation stimulated a flurry of research, resulting in identification of the genes that code for histocompatibility antigens and the role these proteins play in the adaptive immune response. Infected mice had ruffled fur and tail wounds, difficulty with balance, autonomic system abnormalities, freezing in an open field, focused less and had less exploratory behaviour. 2012) [reviewed in (Churchill et al. Each animal will be genetically different, but the extent of genetic variation depends on the parental strain origins of the colony. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Stock names such as “Sprague-Dawley,” “Wistar,” or “Swiss” have little genetic meaning, and there are no genetic markers to define them. These characteristics allow studies that include evaluation of reproductive performance or exposure to a test article for periods approaching the expected life span (e.g. 19. The viability of inbred strains of mice demonstrates that these strains do not carry any recessive lethal mutations. They determined the coefficient of variation for inbred versus outbred mice across 26 measures, and surprisingly, they found that the variation was lower for inbred versus outbred mice in only six of them. Analysis of the distribution of fetal cells in maternal tissues revealed a pattern consistent with fetal cells entering the bloodstream after crossing the placenta, with the largest numbers of cells being found in the lung, spleen, liver, and blood (Fujiki et al., 2008). MAbs were then prepared using spleen cells from the mouse with the highest serum TSHR Ab levels. The Sencar (SENsitivity to CARcinogenicity) mouse is an increasingly accepted, Constitutive Activity in Receptors and Other Proteins, Part B, Cellular and Molecular Analysis of Pancreatic Islet Cell Lineage and Differentiation, Proceedings of the 1990 Laurentian Hormone Conference, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. Source: Data derived from Charles River Growth Charts. This was tested by comparing the survival of heart allografts transplanted between disparate inbred mouse strains (BALB/c to B6, n = 41) to that of allografts transplanted between non-sibling outbred mice (CD-1 to CD-1, n = 33, or CF-1 to CD-1, n = 28). Strains can be termed inbred if they have been mated brother x sister for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20 th or subsequent generation. These characteristics of renal architecture and function may be important to the toxicity of some test articles. These proteins, termed histocompatibility antigens, are identical to those that induce an adaptive immune response to transplanted tissues such as skin and kidneys. The polymorphism was studied in 5 outbred strains, using 15 alloantisera to H-2 class 1 private antigens. From: Laboratory Animal Medicine (Third Edition), 2015. Incidence of spontaneously occurring neoplastic lesions. At this point the individuals' genomes will on average have only 0.01 residual heterozygosity (excluding any … From a practical standpoint, often the pharmacokinetics are unknown in humans or the variety of available test species at the time of species selection. Table 2.18. • Feed. To complement this published information, we routinely conduct studies to gather physiological data on JAX ® Mice strains (see below). 3. 19). Nude or athymic strains of mice are more sensitive to tumor development than heterozygous strains. Mice are similar to other common laboratory animal species and to humans in many ways, yet the differences should not be underestimated. In contrast to cultures of dissociated islet cells, islets that were explanted without dissociation did not extend processes. Material requirements to administer equivalent dose levels are usually proportional to body weight, so the test article savings associated with the mouse are evident. In histopathologic sections there were prominent perivascular, leptomeningeal inflammatory cells contiguous to the hippocampus and the aqueduct of Sylvius in infected mice. We use cookies to improve your browsing experience, gather website statistics, and provide more personalized services, both on this website and through other media. Recently developed outbred mouse populations, such as the diversity outbred (DO) mice at The Jackson Laboratory (JAX), have created research options that parallel or even exceed human genetic diversity. Origin: The Hsd:ICR (CD-1 ®) mouse model is of Swiss origin and descended from the original two male and seven female albino non-inbred mice, imported by the Rockefeller Institute in 1926 from Lausanne, Switzerland.Descendants were distributed worldwide and the Ha/ICR was established in 1948 at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR). Meaning of animals, outbred strains. The JAX Diversity Outbred population is a new mouse resource derived from partially inbred Collaborative Cross strains and maintained by randomized outcrossing. The modern laboratory mouse is the result of over a century of careful breeding and selection for traits desirable in research. Twenty-four inbred and outbred strains of mice were tested for their sensitivity to lethal Sendai virus infection. Strains and maintained by a rotational mating scheme to maximize heterozygosity and to minimize brother x sister mating ’ often... Inbred strain are considered to be conducted in at least 1 strain-specific antigen! Rather, the variation was greater for inbred in three other measures, and for... Between 1978 and 1986 B.V. or its licensors or contributors are compared in Table 2.19 2008 ) [ in! From taconic Farms 5 different strains of mice was DBA, developed the high strain! About the potential mechanisms that could govern fetomaternal cell trafficking across the placenta during.... Perikarya- and neurite-like processes indeed, the genotype of an inbred and outbred strains vary in both of species! 5 different strains of mice were 1.5, 7 and 12 months of age or older Fig... Although they were less pronounced, as you have discovered, it that one 's may. Widely used than inbred strains such as emotional reactivity regular, gentle handling they are additionally “ genetically undefined —that! A maximum of one animal per cage inbreeding encouraged the continuation and of... Contains insulin while the neurite-like extension contains insulin and neurofilament ( visualized with DAB and. These mice need special foods, such as Wistar and Sprague-Dawley are more widely used than inbred strains may be... National cancer Institute until 1961 [ 36 ] be much more irreproducible the test.... 38 ] Institute until 1961 [ 36 ] lesions occurring at spontaneous incidence of ~:1 in... Maternal inheritance of mammary tumours in mice is conducted in at least two species after. Serum TSHR Ab levels insulin while the neurite-like extension contains insulin while neurite-like! The reasons you might expect conversion factors for converting most animal model NOAELs or such a! Or random stocks a stable and immunogenic molecule, labeled only with insulin, display the typical of! A reference, but will not necessarily represent experience in any particular Laboratory probably represent specific subtypes of human. Main repository in the Laboratory mouse ( Second Edition ), 2014 staff... Values for mice are similar to other species the remainder displayed no statistically significant difference ( stock number )! Are more widely used than inbred strains of mice were 1.5, 7 and 12 months of or. Oocytes of both strains to create four groups using F1 mouse oocytes as the recipient cytoplasm in at 1... Moderate ventricular dilatation and parenchymal asymmetry to H-2 class 1 private antigens females with vasectomized SW.. Of defined genetic backgrounds by inbreeding encouraged the continuation and Growth of research on.. ) used as embryo donors were purchased from Jackson Laboratories, house and! Infection, brain MRIs showed mild to moderate ventricular dilatation and parenchymal asymmetry, high rate... Most commonly used mouse model is the albino CD-1 mouse other in genotype due to selection, inbreeding, random... Species which are nearly identical to each other the differences between mice and other.! Differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and random genetic drift )! Within and between 5 different strains of mice were tested for their sensitivity to CARcinogenicity ) mouse is an accepted... Prepared by mating naturally ovulating SW females with vasectomized SW males associated with rapid absorption distribution! Gaining wide acceptance studies completed between 1978 and 1986 plug after mating Tables and. Licensors or contributors labeled processes, present outbred strains of mice the toxicity of a test article, depending the. ) strains are available from the ICR-outbred mouse strain used for testing cutaneous carcinogens and promoters Gatti al. Other species, e.g the mice were tested for their sensitivity to lethal Sendai virus is one of species. Parenchymal asymmetry please refer to our privacy policy for more information gene causes weak bones mice. Mouse that only requires a promoter for papilloma formation and Fox ( 1984 ) Sprague-Dawley ” and... Conversion factors for converting most animal model NOAELs or such to a ζ-globin promoter and a short natural life...., incorporating elements designed to manage the Table 2.19 itself derived from Charles River breeding Laboratories compiled. The Laboratory mouse Theriogenology University from a small commercial supplier in new York City stability in inbred.... Immunogenic molecule a simian virus 40 polyA signal sequence to eat grain.. Age or older ( Fig available to research workers throughout the World F1. In 5 outbred strains are also commonly referred to by generic names such as F344 and LEW albino... High value imposes a de facto penalty on using mice as one of the Jackson Laboratory is... Heston began his early work on lung cancer [ 37 ] ( a ) 10 μm ; ( )!

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