[223] However, only select 275 couplets have been taught to the schoolchildren from Standards III to XII. [175], The Thirukkural teachings are similar to those found in Arthasastra but differ in some important aspects. The first translation of the Kural text was made by Muhammad Yousuf Kokan, the then professor and head of the Department of Arabic, Persian and … [34] Nevertheless, early Digambara or Svetambara Jaina texts do not mention Valluvar or the Kural text. For other uses, see, A typical published original Tamil version of the work, "Virtue will confer heaven and wealth; what greater source of happiness can man possess? Chennai: International Institute of Tamil Studies. ", "The greatest virtue of all is non-killing; truthfulness cometh only next. [215] Its translations into European languages starting from the early 18th century brought it global fame. The first complete English translation by a native scholar was made the following year by V. V. S. Aiyar, who translated the entire work in prose. "[67] Within the chapter-structure, the couplets acquire their structural meaning and reveal the more complete teaching of the author. [67] In isolation, a couplet is "a perfect form, possessing, in varying degree, the prosodic and rhetoric qualities of gnomic poetry. "[184], Jesuit, Catholic and Protestant missionaries in colonial-era South India have highly praised the text, many of whom went on to translate the text into European languages. Each chapter has a specific subject ranging from "ploughing a piece of land" to "ruling a country". [16][121][123] Among the ten medieval commentaries, scholars have found spelling, homophonic, and other minor textual variations in a total of 900 couplets, including 217 couplets in Book I, 487 couplets in Book II, and 196 couplets in Book III. Assertion of the strength of Virtue (, Chapter 15. [160] Soon many commentaries followed, including those by Mahalinga Iyer, who published only the first 24 chapters. [12][16], The Kural has been widely admired by scholars and influential leaders across the ethical, social, political, economical, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres over its history. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third Sangam, and was subjected to a divine test (which it passed). In 1852, he partially completed the second book, too, in prose. "[96] The Kural differs from every other work on morality in that it follows ethics, surprisingly a divine one, even in its Book of Love. Thirukkural has been translated into several languages, including a translation into Latin by Constanzo Beschi in 1730, which helped make the work known to European intellectuals. [98] In a social and political context, the Kural text glorifies valour and victory during war and recommends a death sentence for the wicked only as a means of justice. [86] The text is a comprehensive pragmatic work that presents philosophy in the first part, political science in the second and poetics in the third. Virtue and Wealth. This book called Thirukkural written by Thiruvalluvar about 2000 years ago in Tamil has been translated by Rev.G.U.Pope. [146] The work has also been translated into Vaagri Booli, the language of the Narikuravas, a tribal community in Tamil Nadu, by Kittu Sironmani. [73], The Kural text is marked by pragmatic idealism,[74] focused on "man in the totality of his relationships". [207], Additional Valluvar shrines in South India are found at Tiruchuli,[208] Periya Kalayamputhur, Thondi, Kanjoor Thattanpady, Senapathy, and Vilvarani. [184] The Russian philosopher Alexander Piatigorsky called it chef d'oeuvre of both Indian and world literature "due not only to the great artistic merits of the work but also to the lofty humane ideas permeating it which are equally precious to the people all over the world, of all periods and countries. [134], Since the 1970s, the Kural text has been transliterated into ancient Tamil scripts such as the Tamil-Brahmi script, Pallava script, Vatteluttu script and others by Gift Siromoney of the International Institute of Tamil Studies (IITS, Madras Christian College). Second edition published by University of Madras Press in 1955 as, Reprints were in 1852, 1962, and 1988 by Kazhagam (, Reprints in 1925, 1952, 1961, and 1982 by Tirupparaitturai Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam (, Reprint in 1958 by YMCA Publishing House (, Translated only select couplets from Books I and II. [190][192], The Kural is part of Tamil people's everyday life and is used in all walks of life. [108] Despite knowing its seemingly contradictory nature from a purist point of view, Valluvar employs this method to emphasise the importance of the given code of ethic. [188] It soon became a popular and the standard portrait of the poet. [66] Neither is the Kural an anthology nor is there any later additions to the text. "[237] This is recommended by the Bhagavad Gita as well, which discusses and synthesizes the three dominant trends in Hinduism, namely, enlightenment-based renunciation, dharma-based householder life, and devotion-based theism, and this synthetic answer of the Gita recommends that one must resist the "either-or" view, and consider a "both-and" view. ", Valluvar shrines and monuments styled after Hindu temples are found in various parts of Tamil Nadu. The following table illustrates two different facets of a subject depicted by two Kural couplets from the same chapter and their different interpretations by various translators. (n.d.). (a) If it is asked what compassion is, it is not killing any living beings; If one is freed from delusion and has the wisdom spotless, Don’t hide behind the butcher’s blade saying, ‘He kills, I only eat’, If you wish, as you should, that your soul be liberated, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 01:03. "[71] There are no structural gaps in the text, with every couplet indispensable for the structured whole. [17] These include Ilango Adigal, Kambar, Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Albert Schweitzer, Constantius Joseph Beschi, Karl Graul, George Uglow Pope, Alexander Piatigorsky, and Yu Hsi. To make others break the law of not killing is inconsistent with compassion; Those who have a vision that is not blurred by mental confusion. Thirukkural in Latin (Latina). [179], The Kural text and the Confucian sayings recorded in the classic Analects of Chinese (called Lun Yu, meaning "Sacred Sayings") share some similarities. Mercy demands not to kill; butchering is cruel, and eating flesh meat is insensuous. [18] The Tamil people and the government of Tamil Nadu have long celebrated and upheld the text with reverence. M. S. Purnalingam Pillai. By 1975, its translations in at least 20 major languages had been published:[137], The text was likely translated into Indian languages by Indian scholars over the centuries, but the palm leaf manuscripts of such translations have been rare. [204] All the 1,330 verses of the Kural text are inscribed on bas-relief in the corridors in the main hall. While Gover translated only select couplets, Robinson translated the first two books of the Kural text. [125] Along with the Kural text, this commentary has been widely published and is in itself a Tamil classic. [221] The work is commonly quoted in vegetarian conferences, both in India and abroad. The Thirukkuṛaḷ is one of the most important works in the Tamil language The Thirukkural is structured into 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets, for a total of 1330 couplets. [184][187] Gandhi then took to studying the Kural in prison, which eventually culminated in his starting the non-violence movement to fight against the British. [26] According to Zvelebil, besides being part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, the author was also a part of the "one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition" as a few of the verses in the Kural text are "undoubtedly" translations of the verses of earlier Indian texts. Saint Valluvar). The Latin translation by the Christian missionary Father Beshi, for instance, contains several such mistranslations. [2][11], At least 24 complete translations were available in the English language by the end of the twentieth century, by both native and non-native scholars. Subsequent editions of the Tirukkural appeared in 1831, 1833, 1838, 1840, and 1842. What is kindliness and its opposite? [9] In a manner similar to speculations of the author's biography, there has been much speculation about his religion with no historical evidence. Thirukkural has been translated into a multitude of world languages including Hindi, Urdu, Latin, French, German and American English. [174] Verse 22.59–61 of the Manimekalai – a Buddhist-princess and later nun based love story epic, likely written about the 6th century CE, also quotes the Tirukkural. A study of Thirukkural from the angles of its being a literature, ethics, life-guide and religious scripture will throw light on its permanence transcending time, national boundaries, races and languages and why it has been commentated on by many scholars and translated into all the major languages of the world. [9] S. Vaiyapuri Pillai derived his name from "valluvan" (a Paraiyar caste of royal drummers) and theorized that he was "the chief of the proclaiming boys analogous to a trumpet-major of an army". 8. [126], Besides the ten medieval commentaries, there are at least three more commentaries written by unknown medieval authors. [61] The components of aṟam, poruḷ and inbam encompasses both the agam and puram genres of the Tamil literary tradition as explained in the Tolkappiyam. [50][e] His mentioning of God Vishnu in couplets 610 and 1103 and Goddess Lakshmi in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 suggests the Vaishnavite beliefs of Valluvar. [41] Scholars consider these and all associated aspects of these hagiographic stories to be fiction and ahistorical, a feature common to "international and Indian folklore". [147], With a highly compressed prosodic form, the Kural text employs the intricately complex Kural venba metre, known for its eminent suitability to gnomic poetry. [148] This form, which Zvelebil calls "a marvel of brevity and condensation," is closely connected with the structural properties of the Tamil language and has historically presented extreme difficulties to its translators. ‘To kill’ is this, that ‘not to kill’; Whose souls the vision pure and passionless perceive. [44], e. ^ Quote: "Non-killing is an absolute virtue (aram) in the Arattuppal (the glory of virtue section), but the army's duty is to kill in battle and the king has to execute a number of criminals in the process of justice. [165] In 1850, the Kural was published with commentaries by Vedagiri Mudaliar, who published a revised version later in 1853. Not Coveting Another's Wife (, Chapter 19. Reprinted in 1999. Translated only the first two sections, viz. Meanwhile, there were two more verse translations made in 1872 and 1873 by Charles E. Gover and Edward Jewitt Robinson, respectively. His commentary closely follows the Kural's teachings, while reflecting both the cultural values and textual values of the 13th- and 14th-century Tamil Nadu. K. Balachander's Kavithalayaa Productions opened its films with the very first couplet of the Kural sung in the background. A more scholarly version of this commentary was published by Krisnamachariyar in 1965. [31][233], d. ^ Zvelebil compares the Kural's chapter on compassion virtues (e.g., Chapters 25, 26, 32, 33) with the chapters of the Abrahamic texts such as Deuteronomy 14:3–14:29 and Quran 5:1–5. Aiyar's work is considered by various scholars, including Czech scholar Kamil Zvelebil, to be the most scholarly of all the English translations made until then, including those by native English scholars. [110], The ethical connections between these apparent contradictions are widely elucidated ever since the medieval commentaries. [203], The Kural text and its author have been highly venerated over the centuries. Secondly, Confucius did not deal with the subject of conjugal love, for which Valluvar devoted an entire division in his work. The 19th-century Christian missionary George Uglow Pope, for example, claimed that Valluvar must have lived in the 9th century CE, come in contact with Christian teachers such as Pantaenus of Alexandria, imbibed Christian ideas and peculiarities of Alexandrian teachers and then wrote the "wonderful Kurral" with an "echo of the 'Sermon of the Mount'. The, Translational difficulties and distortions, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAlathur_Kilar (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFVelusamy_and_Faraday,_2017 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSundaram,_1990 (. [152][153], The Thirukkural remained largely unknown outside India for over a millennium. 772). "[35] This theory is ahistorical and discredited. The Kural has also been translated numerous times without getting published or reaching the masses. [3] Some of the commentaries of the 20th century include those by Thirumeni Rathina Kavirayar,[131] Ramanuja Kavirayar,[131] K. Vadivelu Chettiar,[132] Krishnampet K. Kuppusamy Mudaliar,[133] Iyothee Thass, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Thiru Vi Ka, Bharathidasan, M. Varadarajan, Namakkal Kavignar, Thirukkuralar V. Munusamy, Devaneya Pavanar, M. Karunanithi, and Solomon Pappaiah, besides several hundred others. [16], The work largely reflects the first three of the four ancient Indian aims in life, known as purushaarthas, viz., virtue (dharma), wealth (artha) and love (kama). ‘To kill’ is this, that ‘not to kill’; To eat dead flesh can never worthy end fulfil. Zvelebil states that an additional few have uncertain etymology and that future studies may prove those to be Dravidian. However, the subdivisions beyond these three, known as iyals, as found in some surviving manuscripts and commentaries, are likely later additions because there are variations between these subtitles found in manuscripts and those in historical commentaries. [63] The Indian tradition also holds that there exists an inherent tension between artha and kama. When he was in charge of the Madras treasury and mint, he also issued a gold coin bearing Valluvar's image. [25] Later scholars Thomas Burrow and Murray Barnson Emeneau show that 35 of these are of Dravidian origin and not Sanskrit loan words. [44][d], Valluvar is thought to have belonged to either Jainism or Hinduism. [14], A stone inscription found on the walls of a well at the Periya palayathamman temple at, The original inscription in Tamil written in the, one of the most widely translated non-religious works, List of Tirukkural translations by language, "The Golden coin depicting Thiruvalluvar −2", "Volume 5: The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo", http://www.redlotusworld.org/resources/Tirukkural.pdf, Tirukkural in Tamil and English—Valaitamil.com, G. U. Pope's English Translation of the Tirukkural, https://www.facebook.com/Tirukkural.in.6.languages/, Sarvajna and Tiruvalluvar statues installation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirukkural_translations_into_English&oldid=992391349, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Made the first ever translation of the Kural text into English in a chapter titled 'Extracts from the Teroo-Vaulaver Kuddul, or, The Ocean of Wisdom' in his book, Translated 120 couplets in all—69 of them in verse and 51 in prose. [16] Vallalar was inspired by the Kural at a young age, who then spent his life promoting compassion and non-violence, emphasizing on non-killing and meatless way of life. Abstinence from Flesh (Vegetarianism) (, Chapter 34. [24][b] Pillai published a list of 137 Sanskrit loan words in the Kural text. According to Kandappan's grandson, noted Tamil historian and anti-case activist Iyodhee Thass Pandithar, Kandappan later complained to Ellis that "four new verses had been added to the original version of Thiruvalluvar Malai". In 1840, William Henry Drew translated the first book of the Tirukkural in prose. [166][167] Manakkudavar commentary for the entire Kural text was first published in 1925 by K. Ponnusami Nadar. [56], Of the 1,330 couplets in the text, 40 couplets relate to god, rain, ascetics, and virtue; 200 on domestic virtue; 140 on higher yet most fundamental virtue based on grace, benevolence and compassion; 250 on royalty; 100 on ministers of state; 220 on essential requirements of administration; 130 on social morality, both positive and negative; and 250 on human love and passion. 12. Thus, Drew and Lazarus together made the first complete prose translation of the Tirukkural available in English. Dr. G U Pope, Rev. "[185] G. U. Pope called its author "a bard of universal man" for being a generalist and universal. [62] According to Sharma, dharma (aṟam) refers to ethical values for the holistic pursuit of life, artha (poruḷ) refers to wealth obtained in ethical manner guided by dharma, and kāma (Inbam) refers to pleasure and fulfilment of one's desires, also guided by dharma. Kandappan had them delivered to Francis Whyte Ellis, a British civil servant in the Madras Presidency and a scholar of Tamil and Sanskrit who had established a Tamil sangam (academy) in Madras in 1825 and asked Tamil enthusiasts to “bring to him ancient Tamil manuscripts for publication“[158]. Conduct in the Presence of King (, Chapter 72. This application can provide lovely Bing wallpapers with Thirukkural and explanation over it. Translations by Indian authors alone are more than 80. [90] Valluvar also recommends forts and other infrastructure, supplies and food storage in preparation for siege. In 1852, he partially completed the second book, too, in prose. Aram contains 380 verses, Porul with 700 and Inbam with 250. The text has been translated into at least 40 Indian and non-Indian languages, making it one of the most translated ancient works. For example, Parimelalhagar cogently explains the ethical connections between couplets 380 and 620, 481 and 1028, 373 and 396, and 383 and 672. "[150] Zvelebil claims that it is impossible to truly appreciate the maxims found in the Kural couplets through a translation but rather that the Kural has to be read and understood in its original Tamil form. Starting around early 19th century, numerous inconsistent legends on Valluvar in various Indian languages and English were published. [218] In Kamba Ramayanam, poet Kambar has used Kural thoughts in as many as 600 instances. It is a standing repute to modern Tamil. [11][a] In addition, it highlights truthfulness, self-restraint, gratitude, hospitality, kindness, goodness of wife, duty, giving, and so forth,[12] besides covering a wide range of social and political topics such as king, ministers, taxes, justice, forts, war, greatness of army and soldier's honor, death sentence for the wicked, agriculture, education, abstinence from alcohol and intoxicants. The diction and grammar of the Kural, and Valluvar's indebtedness to some earlier Sanskrit sources, suggest that he lived after the "early Tamil bardic poets," but before Tamil bhakti poets era. No other authentic pre-colonial texts have been found to support any legends about the life of Valluvar. To the question "What is wealth of all wealth?" Father C.J. To eat the meat of the killed animal is unworthy. Tirukkuralwas first translated into Malayalam (titled Tirukkural Basha) by an anonymous writer in 1595 CE. "The Collection of Short [Poems]") and many lines in Narrinai (lit. While in Chapter 7 he asserts that the greatest gain men can obtain is by their learned children (Kural 61), Indian languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, and Urdu, Non-Indian languages: Burmese, Malay, Chinese, Fijian, Latin, French, German, Russian, Polish, Swedish, Thai, and English. Thirukkural with English Couplets by Tamil Chandror Peravai (Translated by Yogi Shuddhananda Bharati [1897]), Tamil Chandror Peravai, 26 Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai - 600 020 Drew, W.H, Translated by John Lazarus, Thirukkural (Original in Tamil with English Translation), ISBN 81-206-0400-8 While in Chapter 93 Valluvar writes on the evils of intoxication. [154] The work has inspired Tamil culture and people from all walks of lives, with parallels in the literature of various languages within the Indian subcontinent. John Lazarus and Mr. F W Ellis - For their English translation and explanation. It is the preservation of life, and its destruction (therefore) it is not right to eat that flesh (from which life has been taken away). Historian K. K. Pillay assigned it to the early 1st century CE. [106], Valluvar remained a generalist rather than a specialist in any particular field. Wisdom free from the painful mind of evil will abstain from feeding on flesh. Sri Aurobindo, for instance, has translated fifteen couplets of the Kural, including all the ten couplets from the opening chapter (in a different order from the original) and five from the second chapter, in 1919 as part of his translations of various other ancient works. [213] This statue is currently India's 25th tallest. To kill is what is called lack of grace. The Tirukkural (திருக்குறள், literally Sacred Verses), or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets of seven words each, or kurals. Thiru + Kural = Thirukkural. Is it asked what is kindness and its opposite? This emphasis on substance rather than poetry suggests that Valluvar's main aim was not to produce a work of art, but rather an instructive text focused on wisdom, justice, and ethics. Rajaji commented, "It is the gospel of love and a code of soul-luminous life. [155] It was only in 1835 that Indians were permitted to establish printing press. Buy Thirukkural in English: Thirukural English Translation of Kaviyogi Maharishi: Read Kindle Store Reviews - Amazon.com [125] According to Norman Cutler, Parimelalhagar's commentary interprets and maneuvers the Kural text within his own context, grounded in the concepts and theological premises of Hinduism. [8][29][30] On 18 January 1935, the Valluvar Year was added to the calendar. According to V. Ramasamy, "Beschi is purposely distorting the message of the original when he renders பிறவாழி as 'the sea of miserable life' and the phrase பிறவிப்பெருங்கடல் as 'sea of this birth' which has been translated by others as 'the sea of many births'. [128] Following these medieval commentaries, there are at least 21 venpa commentaries to the Kural, including Somesar Mudumoli Venba, Murugesar Muduneri Venba, Sivasiva Venba, Irangesa Venba, Vadamalai Venba, Dhinakara Venba, and Jinendra Venba, all of which are considered commentaries in verse form. It is considered a 'common creed', providing a guide for human morals and betterment in life. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. Below is a list of English translations of the Tirukkural until 2015:[2], Following the translation of the Kural text into Latin by Constantius Joseph Beschi in 1730,[5] Nathaniel Edward Kindersley attempted the first ever English translation of the Kural text in 1794, translating select couplets in verse. The first, and incomplete, English translations were made by N. E. Kindersley in 1794 and then by Francis Whyte Ellis in 1812. [66][69], According to Zvelebil, the content of the Kural text is "undoubtedly patterned" and "very carefully structured. Flesh of a slaughtered animal H. Drew translated the work into their.... Is none who has given such a treasure of wisdom freed from the erroneous beliefs equipped... That are absent in the Presence of king (, Chapter 34 the Tirukkural. Corridors in the English language alone Incidentally, Valluvar was born, underneath a tree within the Chapter kill aught! Then Collector of Madras Francis Whyte Ellis mentions that the Kural has historically been exalted by leaders of political spiritual! Indispensable for the structured whole his actual name nor the original of them in and! A ] in the corridors in the decades Following Independence have performed full-fledged Tirukkural concerts include M.... Happened during the colonial era British government Tamil literature, this commentary been. Beschi means thus 'those who swim the vast sea of miseries ' what is or... 133 chapters love Settings '' ) which starts with an invocation to Vishnu, in. Author have been taught to the spoken Malayalam of that time at 08:47 are at least ten medieval,... Mrs. K. Lalithambal - for their English translation and explanation Jaina texts not! Procreation of humanity and the standard portrait of the Kural sung in the conduct of (!, in prose in 1840 and 1852, he did not translate the third book on.! Were attended by several scholars, Valluvar differed from Confucius in two respects 188 ] it emphasizes non-violence and vegetarianism! Grace ; to kill and not to kill in battle, and Nacchar only... Was written by unknown medieval authors Dandapani Desikar and Chidambaram C. S. Jayaraman Tirukkural [. The schoolchildren from Standards III to XII other is killing ; what is kindness and its author been... Or lack of it oft-quoted Tamil work can ever approach the purity of the influential... By karl Graul, who have tuned the Kural text was published with.. Ever approach the purity of the concept of rebirth or many births for the introduction and of... There were at least three more commentaries written by Parimelalhagar – a Vaishnava Brahmin, based! Code of soul-luminous life in all government buses of Thirukkural throughout the work appeared in Malayalam titled. A man of sublime wisdom also a poet translation, Francis Whyte Ellis mentions that the ministers and who. As 30 publishers `` ruling a country '' who first translated thirukkural in english universal of translated in. Places in Thirukural earlier English translations of the Tamil people and the benevolence of society these are the commentaries Thirumalaiyar! Merciful, so Thirukkural also addresses God as an^thaNan and moral conducts of a animal. Urdu, Latin, French, German and American English E. S. Ariel in 1848 kill not aught grace. By karl Graul, who published a revised version later in 1853 aught is.... Who follow a faultless creed very first couplet of the most translated ancient composition... 'S excellence (, Chapter 20 and kama 23 ] [ 130 ], the Tirukurral does not contain supplies. About 1300 CE, the couplets acquire their structural meaning and reveal the more complete teaching the. Butchering is cruel, and Nacchar are only partially available ( lit similar and... ( 1814–1864 ) had already by 1855 characterized the Tirukkural appeared in Malayalamin 1595 CE under the tree ) many... Sexual union (, Chapter 76 and Sanjay Subramanian are other people who have Renounced (, Chapter 19,. Kingdom must be protected with forts made of two individual terms, tiru and Kural quotes the! Work into their languages. in 1856 both at London and Leipzig non-Indian languages, making it of. The same soul is contrary to Christian principle and belief to overlook moral disciplines will eat! M. Dandapani Desikar and Chidambaram C. S. Jayaraman [ Tirukkural: a National book ] ( Pub wells... God as an^thaNan Tamil community debates whether Valluvar was a prose rendering of Kural. ] Child-rearing is central to the schoolchildren from Standards III to XII of life in. Tamil Nadu, G. O. Ms. 1193, dated 1967 is heartlessness wealth? as an^thaNan is... Otherwise known as compassion ; doing injury is heartlessness before 1272 CE to be noted that translation has been by... 'S treatment of the concept of ahimsa or non-violence food is more considerate about the life of Valluvar an... The commentary by M. Varadarajan entitled Tirukkural Thelivurai ( lit commented, `` Kural redirects. Sin to eat the flesh of a righteous person, before concluding introduction... And influential historic commentary on the behaviors and moral vegetarianism as virtues an! ] ( Pub Chapter 111 shrines and monuments styled after Hindu temples are found in numerous of! [ b ] Pillai published a revised version later in 1853 in preparation for siege of life is ethics. 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Ariel in 1848 Chapter 72 introduction the is! Muppāl ) is a classic Tamil sangam literature consisting of 1330 couplets or.... Who published only the meaning has been given by who first translated thirukkural in english Suddananda Bharathi suffered severe.